Arenaviruses for use in the treatment and/or prevention of tumors and method for producing arenaviruses with (im-proved) tumor-regression properties

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to arenaviruses for use in the treatment and/or prevention of tumors and also a method for preparing arenaviruses with (improved) tumor-regressive properties.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/567,343, filed Oct. 17, 2017, which is the United States National stage patent application of International Application No. PCT/EP2016/058347, filed Apr. 15, 2016, which claims the right of priority of German patent application No. 102015207036.0 filed Apr. 17, 2015, with the German Patent Office, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein for all purposes.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Feb. 1, 2019, is named SCH-5000-DV_SeqListing.txt and is 43 kilobytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to arenaviruses for use in the treatment and/or prevention of tumors and also methods for preparing arenaviruses with (improved) tumor-regressive properties.

Arenaviruses belong to the family of human pathogenic, pleomorphic RNA viruses. Diseases with these viruses belong to the zoonoses due to their natural reservoir in animals, predominantly rodents. Zoonoses refer to diseases that can be transferred from the animal to humans and vice versa from humans to the animal.

At least eight arenaviruses are known to cause illness in humans. Typical are aseptic meningitis and haemorrhagic fever. Known viruses which can trigger a disease in humans are the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Guanarito virus (GTOV), Junin virus (JUNV), Lassa virus (LASV), Lujo virus (LUJV) Machupo virus (MACV), Sabia virus (SABV) and the Whitewater Arroyo virus (WWAV).

Arenaviruses are generally divided into two groups, namely the Old World arenaviruses and the New World arenaviruses. These groups differ geographically and genetically. Old World arenaviruses, such as the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, have been found in countries of the eastern hemisphere, such as European, Asian and African countries. In contrast, New World arenaviruses have been found in countries of the western hemisphere, such as Argentina, Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil and the United States of America.

The name of the virus family is derived from the Latin arenosus (sandy) and arena (sand) to describe the sandy ribosomal structure within the virions. The virions of the arenaviruses have a round to irregular shape and have a diameter, depending on species and preparation of the test material, from 50 nm to 300 nm, usually between 110 nm and 130 nm. Club-shaped glycoprotein spikes, 8 nm to 10 nm long, are embedded in the virus envelope. The individual spikes consist of a tetramer of the viral envelope protein.

The virions also comprise two closed-ring capsids with helical symmetry. The length of the capsids varies between 450 nm and 1300 nm. One molecule of the viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) polymerase (L-protein) is attached to each of them.

Each capsid comprises one molecule of a single-stranded RNA with mixed (i.e. ambisense, +/−) polarity. The two single-stranded RNA molecules represent the viral genome. They are referred to as L (large) and S (small) and are about 7.5 kb (kilobases) or 3.5 kb (kilobases) large. Although the capsids are closed ring-shaped, the RNA strands are linear and thus not circular. A 19 to 30 base long sequence at the 3′ end of the RNA is present on both strands and is also conserved within the virus family.

Very exceptional morphologically is the presence of an alternating number of cellular ribosomes within the virions, which give the viral particles their “sandy” appearance. Similarly, in purified virus preparations, a number of different cellular RNAs (also including ribosomal RNA) and also replicative forms of viral RNA are found, as are diverse viral mRNAs (messenger ribonucleic acids bound to the ribosomes) and complete complementary strands of the virus genome. These non-genomic RNAs are found in varying amounts all lying outside the abovementioned capsids.

The use of arenaviruses as vaccination vectors is known. A prominent example is the vaccination virus Candid #1 used against Argentinian hemorrhagic fever. This is a vaccination variant of the Junin virus.

Known from WO 2009/083210 A1 is the use of replication defects, i.e. genetically modified arenavirus particles (virions), inter alia, for the treatment of neoplastic diseases such as, for example, melanoma, prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma and lung carcinoma. In the publication “Development of replication-defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus vectors for the induction of potent CD8⁺ T cell immunity” (Nature Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 3, March 2010, pp. 339-345; doi: 10.1038/Nm.2104), cancer immunotherapy is mentioned as a potential area of application for such viral particles.

Furthermore, WO 2006/008074 A1 discloses the use of packaging cells, which produce retroviral virions pseudotyped with arenavirus glycoprotein, for gene therapy of solid tumors.

The methods for the treatment of tumors described in the prior art are based on the use of virus particles which are very complicated to produce by genetic engineering. In the case of gene therapy treatment methods, it is frequently not possible to achieve adequate, therapeutically effective transduction of the tumor tissue with genetically engineered virions or packaging cells which produce virions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Object and Solution

The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a simpler and, in particular, more efficient therapeutic solution for tumors, in particular carcinomas and sarcomas, compared to the prior art.

This object is achieved according to the invention by an arenavirus according to independent claim 1, by a medicament according to claim 14 and also by an in vitro method according to independent claim 15. Preferred embodiments are defined in the dependent claims. The wording of all claims is hereby incorporated by reference into the content of the description. An additional subject of the invention, which achieves the object of the invention, is disclosed in the description.

According to a first aspect, the invention relates to an arenavirus for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a tumor, preferably a malignant tumor, in humans or animals.

The arenavirus is preferably characterized in that it is free of genomic foreign RNA, i.e. it does not comprise any genomic foreign RNA. In other words, the genome of the arenavirus is preferably free of foreign RNA or preferably comprises no foreign RNA.

In the context of the present invention, the expression “genomic foreign RNA” is intended to mean an RNA (ribonucleic acid) or RNA sequence which does not occur or is not present in the genome of a wild-type arenavirus or in the genome of a mutant of a wild-type arenavirus (mutated arenavirus), in particular in the genome of a natural mutant of a wild-type arenavirus (naturally mutated arenavirus). Examples of foreign RNA are artificial or synthetic RNA molecules, RNA of organisms and RNA from other viruses.

In the context of the present invention, (in accordance with the understanding of those skilled in the art), the expression “wild-type arenavirus” is understood to mean an arenavirus whose genome is the genetically normal form occurring in nature.

In the context of the present invention, (in accordance with the understanding of those skilled in the art), the expression “mutant of a wild-type arenavirus” or “mutated arenavirus” is understood to mean an arenavirus whose genome comprises a spontaneous, i.e. naturally-induced, modification or modification induced by mutagenesis, compared to the wild-type genome.

Accordingly, in the context of the present invention, (in accordance with the understanding of those skilled in the art), the expression “natural mutant of a wild-type arenavirus” or “naturally mutated arenavirus” is understood to mean an arenavirus whose genome comprises a spontaneous, i.e. naturally-induced, modification, compared to the wild-type genome. A naturally mutated arenavirus can be produced preferably by passage, in particular serial passage, which will be discussed in more detail below.

The invention is based on the surprising finding that arenaviruses without genomic foreign RNA are able to effect tumor regression. Tumor regression is due to an activation or stimulation of congenital and adaptive immune cells caused by the arenaviruses. The activated immune cells secrete increased antitumoral cytokines such as interferon-α and interferon-γ, thereby counteracting or repelling the tumor. A further surprising finding is the realization that the arenaviruses cause a significantly increased secretion of antitumoral cytokines in the case of a tumor manifestation. Arenaviruses without genomic foreign RNA are thus suitable for use in tumor treatment. This has been successfully verified by the applicant by means of animal experiments. For this purpose, mice were used, inter alia, in which growth of human tumors is possible.

In a further embodiment, the arenavirus is also free of non-genomic foreign RNA. In the context of the present invention, the expression “non-genomic foreign RNA” is intended to mean an RNA or RNA sequence, apart from the arena-virus genome, which does not occur or is not present in a wild-type arenavirus or a mutant of a wild-type arenavirus (mutated arenavirus), in particular of a natural mutant of a wild-type arenavirus (naturally mutated arenavirus). In other words, in this embodiment the arenavirus does not comprise overall any foreign RNA, i.e neither genomic foreign RNA nor non-genomic foreign RNA.

In a preferred embodiment, the arenavirus is a wild-type arenavirus.

In a further embodiment, the arenavirus is a natural mutant of a wild-type arenavirus, i.e. a naturally mutated arenavirus.

The natural mutant or the naturally mutated arenavirus is preferably produced by passage, in particular multiple passage, in host animals and/or host cells.

The natural mutant or the naturally mutated arenavirus is particularly preferably produced by serial passage in host animals and/or host cells.

The arenavirus provided according to the invention is thus preferably an arenavirus which is produced starting from its wild-type form by passage, preferably serial passage, in host animals and/or host cells.

The host animals mentioned in the preceding paragraphs are preferably rodents, particularly mice. The host cells mentioned in the previous paragraphs, on the other hand, are preferably dendritic cells or tumor cells.

In the context of the present invention, in accordance with the understanding of those skilled in the art, the term “passage” is understood to mean a multiple, regular introduction of the arenavirus into host animals and/or host cells. In the context of the present invention, in accordance with the understanding of those skilled in the art, the expression “serial passage” is understood to mean a multiple, regular introduction of the arenavirus into different host animals, preferably of the same type, and/or different cells, preferably of the same type. Due to the multiple changes of environment (host animal and/or host cell), the arenavirus is subject to an increased adaptation pressure or mutational pressure, thereby increasing the likelihood of advantageous mutations occurring in the genome of the arenavirus from the perspective of tumor regression.

In a further embodiment, the tumor is selected from the group comprising or consisting of carcinoma, melanoma, blastoma, lymphoma and sarcoma.

In the context of the present invention, (in accordance with the understanding of those skilled in the art), the term “carcinoma” is intended to mean malignant neoplasia of epithelial origin.

In the context of the present invention, (in accordance with the understanding of those skilled in the art), the term “sarcoma” is intended to mean malignant neoplasia of mesodermal origin.

In the context of the present invention, (in accordance with the understanding of those skilled in the art), the term “melanoma” is intended to mean malignant neoplasia of melanocytic origin.

In the context of the present invention, (in accordance with the understanding of those skilled in the art), the term “lymphoma” is intended to mean malignant neoplasia of lymphocytic origin.

In the context of the present invention, (in accordance with the understanding of those skilled in the art), the term “blastoma” is intended to mean malignant neoplasia of embryonic origin.

In a preferred embodiment, the carcinoma is selected from the group comprising or consisting of anal carcinoma, bronchial carcinoma, lung carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, testicular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, laryngeal carcinoma, oesophogeal cancer, gastric carcinoma, breast carcinoma, renal carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, pancreas tumor, pharyngeal carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma and cervical carcinoma.

In a preferred embodiment, the sarcoma is selected from the group comprising or consisting of angiosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, neurogenic sarcoma, osteosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma.

In a preferred embodiment, the arenavirus is an Old World arenavirus which is preferably selected from the group comprising or consisting of Ippy virus (IP-PYV), Lassa virus (LASV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Mobala virus (MOBV) and Mopeia virus (MOPV).

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the arenavirus is the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, preferably a strain which is selected from the group comprising or consisting of WE, Armstrong, Clone 13 and Docile.

In a preferred embodiment, the arenavirus is a New World arenavirus, which is preferably selected from the group comprising or consisting of Allpaahuayo virus (ALLV), Amapari virus (AMAV), Bear Canyon virus (BCNV), Chapare virus, Cupixi virus (CPXV), Flexal virus (FLEV), Guanarito virus (GTOV), Junin virus (JUNV), Latino virus (LATV), Machupo virus (MACV), Oliveros virus (OLVV), Parana virus (PARV), Pichinde virus (PICV), Pirital virus (PIRV), Sabia virus (SABV), Tacaribe virus (TCRV), Tamiami virus (TAMV) and Whitewara Arroyo virus (WWAV).

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the arenavirus is a Junin virus, in particular the strain Candid #1 (Candid No. 1).

In a further embodiment, the Junin virus, in particular the strain Candid #1 (Candid No. 1), has a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an S-ribonucleic acid sequence or ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID No. 1 (according to sequence listing).

In a further embodiment, the Junin virus, in particular the strain Candid #1 (Candid No. 1), has a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an L-ribonucleic acid sequence or ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID No. 2 (according to sequence listing).

In a further embodiment, the Junin virus, in particular the strain Candid #1 (Candid No. 1), has a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an S-ribonucleic acid sequence or ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID No. 3 (according to sequence listing).

In a further embodiment, the Junin virus, in particular the strain Candid #1 (Candid No. 1), has a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an L-ribonucleic acid sequence or ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID No. 4 (according to sequence listing).

In a further embodiment, the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV virus) mentioned above has a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an S-ribonucleic acid sequence or ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID No. 5 (according to sequence listing).

In a further embodiment, the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV virus) mentioned above has a nucleic acid sequence, in particular an L-ribonucleic acid sequence or ambisense sequence, according to SEQ ID No. 6 (according to sequence listing).

In a further embodiment, the arenavirus is isolated from tumor lysates, organ lysates, urine or blood.

In an alternative embodiment, the arenavirus is isolated from a cell culture medium, in particular from a human tumor cell line.

In a further embodiment, the arenavirus is for administration in the form of virions, i.e. in the form of arenavirus particles, which are outside a cell.

In a further embodiment, the arenavirus is provided, preferably prepared, for local, in particular intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration. In other words, the arenavirus is used in a further embodiment for local, in particular intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration.

Preferably the arenavirus is provided, preferably prepared, for local administration at a dose of 1 PFU (Plaque Forming Unit)/kg body weight to 10¹² PFU/kg body weight, particularly 10² PFU/kg body weight to 10⁶ PFU/kg body weight, preferably 10³ PFU/kg body weight to 10⁵ PFU/kg body weight. In other words, the arenavirus is used, preferably for local administration, at a dose of 1 PFU (Plaque Forming Unit)/kg body weight to 10¹² PFU/kg body weight, particularly 10² PFU/kg body weight to 10⁶ PFU/kg body weight, preferably 10³ PFU/kg body weight to 10⁵ PFU/kg body weight.

In an alternative embodiment, the arenavirus is provided, preferably prepared, for systemic, in particular intravenous, administration. In other words, the arenavirus is used in an alternative embodiment for systemic, in particular intravenous, administration.

Preferably, the arenavirus is provided, preferably prepared, for systemic administration at a dose of 1 PFU/kg body weight to 10¹² PFU/kg body weight, particularly 10² PFU/kg body weight to 10⁶ PFU/kg body weight, preferably 10³ PFU/kg body weight to 10⁵ PFU/kg body weight. In other words, the arenavirus is used, preferably for systemic administration, at a dose of 1 PFU/kg body weight to 10¹² PFU/kg body weight, particularly 10² PFU/kg body weight to 10⁶ PFU/kg body weight, preferably 10³ PFU/kg body weight to 10⁵ PFU/kg body weight.

According to a second aspect, the invention relates to a medicament for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a tumor, in particular a malignant tumor.

The medicament is characterized in particular by the fact that it has an arenavirus according to the first aspect of the invention.

The medicament preferably further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier may in particular be selected from the group comprising or consisting of water, saline solution, buffer solution and cell culture medium.

In a further embodiment, the medicament also comprises an active ingredient. The active ingredient can in particular be a cytostatic agent, an antibody and/or a cytokine.

With regard to further features and advantages of the medicament, in particular of the arenavirus and also the tumor, reference is made fully to the present description in order to avoid repetitions.

According to a third aspect, the invention relates to a method for producing an arenavirus with tumor-regressive, i.e. tumor-repelling/counteracting properties or improved tumor-regressive properties.

The tumor is preferably a malignant tumor, preferably a carcinoma, melanoma, blastoma, lymphoma or sarcoma. Accordingly, the method is preferably a method for producing an arenavirus with (improved) carcinoma-, melanoma-, blastoma-, lymphoma- or sarcoma-regressive properties.

The method comprises the following steps:

a) infecting dendritic cells or tumor cells with an arenavirus, b) culturing the arenavirus in the infected dendritic cells or infected tumor cells and c) isolating the cultured arenavirus or a subset of the cultured arenavirus from the infected dendritic cells or infected tumor cells.

The sequence of steps a) to c) may also be referred to as a (single) passage of the arenavirus in the dendritic cells or tumor cells.

In a preferred embodiment, the arenavirus is an arenavirus which has been subjected to a serial passage in host animals prior to carrying out step a). For further details and advantages, reference may be made to the corresponding statements made in the context of the fourth aspect of the invention.

In a further embodiment, the dendritic cells or tumor cells are in the form of a cell culture (dendritic cell culture or tumor cell culture).

The tumor cells are preferably malignant tumor cells, in particular carcinoma, melanoma, blastoma, lymphoma or sarcoma cells.

The carcinoma cells may be selected from the group comprising or consisting of anal carcinoma cells, bronchial carcinoma cells, lung carcinoma cells, endometrial carcinoma cells, gallbladder carcinoma cells, hepatocellular carcinoma cells, testicular carcinoma cells, colorectal carcinoma cells, laryngeal carcinoma cells, oesophogeal carcinoma cells, gastric carcinoma cells, breast carcinoma cells, renal carcinoma cells, ovarian carcinoma cells, pancreas tumor cells, pharyngeal carcinoma cells, prostate carcinoma cells, thyroid carcinoma cells and cervical carcinoma cells.

The sarcoma cells may be selected from the group comprising or consisting of angiosarcoma cells, chondrosarcoma cells, Ewing's sarcoma cells, fibrosarcoma cells, Kaposi's sarcoma cells, liposarcoma cells, leiomyosarcoma cells, malignant fibrous histiocytoma cells, neurogenic sarcoma cells, osteosarcoma cells and rhabdomyosarcoma cells.

In a further embodiment, the tumor cells are immortalized immune cells, in particular immortalized macrophages.

The dendritic cells or tumor cells are infected according to step a) preferably by adding the arenavirus to the cells.

In a preferred embodiment, the sequence of steps a) to c) is repeated with new, in particular non-infected, dendritic cells, preferably of the same type, or with new, in particular non-infected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type (the same tumor type).

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the sequence of steps a) to c) is repeated many times. By way of preference, new, in particular non-infected, dendritic cells, preferably of the same type, or new, in particular non-infected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type, are used for each repetition.

The sequence of steps a) to c) is preferably repeated once to 1000 times, particularly 10 times to 100 times, preferably 30 times to 60 times, wherein new, in particular non-infected, dendritic cells, preferably of the same type, or new, in particular non-infected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type, are used for each repetition.

By multiple repetition of steps a) to c), the arenavirus is constantly forced to adapt to a new environment, i.e. to new dendritic cells or tumor cells. This permanent adaptation pressure favors the occurrence of mutations, which can produce or improve the tumor-regressive properties of the arenavirus.

During the culturing of the arenavirus according to step b), a replication of the arenavirus genome and a propagation of the arenavirus occur within the dendritic cells or tumor cells.

The arenavirus according to step b) is preferably cultured under standard cell culture conditions.

The arenavirus is preferably cultured in the dendritic cells or tumor cells for a period of 1 minute to 1 year, in particular 10 hours to 1 month, preferably 24 hours to 72 hours.

The cultured arenavirus according to step c) is preferably isolated from a cell culture supernatant.

Preferably, the dendritic cells or tumor cells are sorted according to specific properties, preferably by means of a cell sorting device, and subsequently cultured, prior to isolating according to step c). The sorted cells are preferably cultured over a period of 24 hours.

In a preferred embodiment, the method further comprises the following steps:

d) cloning the isolated arenavirus and e) sequenzing the isolated arenavirus.

With regard to further features and advantages of the method, in particular of the arenavirus and also the tumor, reference is made to the present description.

According to a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a method for producing an arenavirus with tumor-regressive, i.e. tumor-repelling/counteracting, properties or improved tumor-regressive properties.

The tumor is preferably a malignant tumor, preferably a carcinoma, melanoma, blastoma, lymphoma or sarcoma. Accordingly, the method is preferably a method for producing an arenavirus with (improved) carcinoma-, melanoma-, blastoma-, lymphoma- or sarcoma-regressive properties.

The method comprises the following steps:

a) infecting a host animal, which has a tumor, with an arenavirus, b) culturing the arenavirus in the infected host animal and c) isolating the cultured arenavirus or a subset of the cultured arenavirus from the infected host animal.

The sequence of steps a) to c) may also be referred to as a (single) passage of the arenavirus in the host animal.

In a preferred embodiment, tumor tissue is transplanted to the host animal prior to carrying out step a).

In an alternative embodiment, a genetically modified host animal is used which spontaneously develops the tumor.

Rodents in particular, preferably mice, can be used as host animals. For example, NOD SCID mice or LoxP-Tag mice can be used as host animals. In the Nod SCID mice, the SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) mutation is combined with a NOD (non-obese diabetic) type. In mice that are homozygous for the SCID mutation, no functional T-cells or B-cells are formed. By means of this immunodeficiency, these animals are exceptionally suitable for tolerating foreign body cells, for example transplanted tumors.

The host animal can be infected according to step a), for example by systemic, particularly intravenous, or local, for example subcutaneous, administration of the arenavirus.

In particular, the host animal can be infected by administration, preferably injection, of the arenavirus into the tumor of the host animal.

In a preferred embodiment, the sequence of steps a) to c) is repeated with a new, in particular non-infected, host animal, preferably of the same type.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the sequence of steps a) to c) is repeated many times. A new, in particular non-infected host animal, preferably of the same type, is preferably used for each repetition. In other words, it is preferred according to the invention if the arenavirus is subjected to serial passage in host animals, preferably of the same type.

The sequence of steps a) to c) is preferably repeated once to 1000 times, particularly 10 times to 100 times, preferably 30 times to 60 times, wherein a new, in particular non-infected, host animal, preferably of the same type, is used for each repetition.

By multiple repetition of steps a) to c), the arenavirus is constantly forced to adapt to a new environment, i.e. to a new host animal. This permanent adaptation pressure favors the occurrence of mutations, which can produce or improve the tumor-regressive properties of the arenavirus.

During the culturing of the arenavirus according to step b), a replication of the arenavirus genome and a propagation of the arenavirus occur within the host animal.

The arenavirus is preferably cultured in the host animal for a period of 1 minute to 500 days, in particular 10 minutes to 100 days, preferably 1 hour to 30 days.

In a preferred embodiment, the arenavirus is isolated from urine, blood, the tumor, or organ lysates of the host animal.

In a further embodiment, the method further comprises the following steps:

d) infecting dendritic cells or tumor cells with the arenavirus isolated according to step c), e) culturing the arenavirus in the infected dendritic cells or infected tumor cells and f) isolating the cultured arenavirus or a subset of the cultured arenavirus from the infected dendritic cells or infected tumor cells.

The sequence of steps d) to f) may also be referred to as a (single) passage of the arenavirus in the dendritic cells or tumor cells.

The dendritic cells or tumor cells are infected according to step d) preferably by adding the arenavirus to the cells.

In a preferred embodiment, the sequence of steps d) to f) is repeated with new, in particular non-infected, dendritic cells, preferably of the same type, or with new, in particular non-infected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type (the same tumor type).

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the sequence of steps d) to f) is repeated many times. By way of preference, new, in particular non-infected, dendritic cells, preferably of the same type, or new, in particular non-infected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type, are used for each repetition. In other words, it is particularly preferred according to the invention if the arenavirus is additionally subjected to a serial passage in dendritic cells, preferably of the same type, or tumor cells, preferably of the same type.

The sequence of steps d) to f) is preferably repeated once to 1000 times, particularly 10 times to 100 times, preferably 30 times to 60 times, wherein new, in particular non-infected, dendritic cells, preferably of the same type, or new, in particular non-infected, tumor cells, preferably of the same type, are preferably used for each repetition.

The combination of a serial passage of the arenavirus in host animals, preferably of the same type, with a serial passage of the arenavirus in dendritic cells, preferably of the same type, or tumor cells, preferably of the same type, is suitable, because of the additionally increased adaptation pressure or mutation pressure in a particular manner, for producing arenaviruses with (improved) tumor-regressive properties.

The arenavirus is preferably cultured in the dendritic cells or tumor cells for a period of 1 minute to 500 days, in particular 10 minutes to 100 days, preferably 1 hour to 30 days.

Preferably, the dendritic cells or tumor cells are sorted according to specific properties, preferably by means of a cell sorting device, and subsequently cultured, prior to isolating according to step f). The sorted cells are preferably cultured over a period of 24 hours.

In a preferred embodiment, the method further comprises the following steps:

g) cloning the arenavirus isolated according to step f) and h) sequencing the isolated arenavirus.

Alternatively, it can be provided according to the invention that the arenavirus isolated according to step c) is cloned and subsequently sequenced.

With regard to other features and advantages of the method, in particular the arenavirus, the tumor and also the dendritic cells and tumor cells, the present description is also fully incorporated by way of reference in order to avoid unnecessary repetitions.

Further features and advantages of the invention will emerge from the following description of preferred embodiments in the form of working examples, the associated figures and the claims. The embodiments described below are merely for the purpose of illustration and for the better understanding of the invention and are in no way to be understood as limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows LCMV (WE strain) replication results in immortalized macrophages (“tumour”) and macrophages (“primary”) generated from primary bone marrow.

FIG. 2 shows the effect of LCMV (WE strain) administration on MOPC (mouse plasmacytoma cell) tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice.

FIG. 3 shows the effect of LCMV (WE strain) administration on MC38 (mouse colon adenocarcinoma cell) tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice.

FIG. 4 shows the effect of LCMV (WE strain) administration on spontaneous liver carcinoma tumor growth in LoxP-TAg mice.

FIG. 5 shows the effect of LCMV (WE strain) on interferon-γ secretion in MOPC tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice.

FIG. 6 shows the effect of LCMV (WE strain) administration on MOPC tumor growth in Map3k14^(aly/aly) mice compared to corresponding wild type mice.

FIG. 7 shows the effect of LCMV (WE strain) administration on MOPC tumor growth in Irf3×Ir7^(−/−) mice compared to corresponding wild type mice.

FIG. 8A shows effect of LCMV (WE strain) administration on tumor microvessel density (MDV) and vessel-vessel spacing in MOPC tumor-bearing wild type mice.

FIG. 8B shows effect of LCMV (WE strain) administration on tumor hypoxic regions in MOPC tumor-bearing wild type mice.

FIG. 9 shows the effect of LCMV (WE strain) administration (ipsilateral, contralateral, and intravenous) on MOPC tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice.

FIG. 10 shows effect of LCMV (WE strain) administration on survival in A431 (squamous carcinoma) tumor-bearing NOD.SCID mice.

FIG. 11 shows effect of LCMV (WE strain) administration on tumor growth in A431 (colon adenocarcinoma) tumor-bearing NOD.SCID mice.

FIG. 12 shows effect of Candid #1 administration on tumor growth in HeLa cell-bearing NOD.SCID mice.

FIG. 13 shows effect of Candid #1 administration on tumor growth in HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) tumor-bearing NOD.SCID mice.

FIG. 14 shows LCMV (MOI 1) replication results in primary hepatocytes, colon epithelial cells, and melanocytes) and in tumour cells from the same tissue source.

FIG. 15A shows the effect of LCMV administration on metastatic MOPC tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice.

FIG. 15B shows the effect of LCMV administration on survival in MOPC metastatic tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice.

FIG. 16 shows the effect of LCMV administration on B16F10 (melanoma) tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice.

FIG. 17 shows the effect of LCMV administration on spontaneous melanoma tumor growth in MT/ret mice.

FIG. 18A shows the effect of LCMV administration on Sw872 (fibrosarcoma) tumor growth in NOD.SCID mice.

FIG. 18B shows the effect of LCMV administration on survival in Sw872 (fibrosarcoma) tumor-bearing NOD.SCID mice.

FIG. 19A shows the effect of LCMV administration on FaDu (pharyngeal carcinoma) tumor growth in NOD.SCID mice.

FIG. 19B shows the effect of LCMV administration on survival in FaDu (pharyngeal carcinoma) tumor-bearing NOD.SCID mice.

FIG. 20 shows the effect of LCMV on T-cell expression of PD-1, IL2 receptor, and IL7 receptor in B16F10 tumor-bearing mice.

FIG. 21A shows the effect of LCMV administration on EL4 (lymphoma) tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice.

FIG. 21B shows the effect of LCMV administration on survival in EL4 (lymphoma) tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice.

FIG. 22 shows the effect of LCMV administration on survival in MOPC tumor-bearing C57BL/6 and Pdcd1^(−/−) mice.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 1. Methods and Materials 1.1 Mice

Unless mentioned otherwise, the mice used were from a C57BL/6 background. Map3k14^(aly/aly) mice lack NF-kB signals and are therefore highly immunosuppressed. Irf3×Ir7^(−/−) mice cannot produce any interferon. NOD.SCID mice have no adaptive immune system. Therefore, it is possible to grow human tumors in these mice. LoxP-Tag mice spontaneously develop liver tumors.

1.2 Cell Lines and Reagents

MOPC cells are murine oropharynx carcinoma cells. Mc38 are murine colon carcinoma cells. Raw cells are immortalized macrophages. A431 are human lung carcinoma cells; Sw40 are human colon carcinoma cells, Hela are human cervical carcinoma cells. Primary macrophages were cultured from bone marrow precursor cells by means of M-CSF. Cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma-Aldrich), 2 mmol/l L-glutamine and 100 U/ml penicillin. All cells were cultured in 5% CO2.

1.3 Viruses

The LCMV strain WE was obtained from the laboratory of Prof. Zinkernagel (Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland) and was propagated in L929 cells. Candid #1 was obtained from Professor Paula Cannon (University of Southern California).

1.4 Tumor Growth and Treatments

Approximately 5×10⁵ tumor cells (in 100 microL) were injected subcutaneously into the right flank of 6 to 12 week old mice. The longest tumor diameter was measured by. Mice were treated by peritumoral injections of 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV-WE or Candid #1 (in 100-200 microL).

1.5 Morphometric Analysis of Tumor Vessels

Morphometric analyses were performed with successive frozen sections, in which the endothelial cell marker CD31 was stained. Quantification of the microvessel density (MVD) was calculated using the mean of three tumor sections. MVD was calculated as the number of vessels per tumor area.

1.6 Detection of Hypoxia

Hypoxic tumor regions were detected by the formation of pimonidazole adducts after injection of pimonidazole into tumor-transplanted animals for 30 min. The tumor sections were stained using the Hypoxyprobe-1 Plus kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Pharmacia Natur International, Inc.).

1.7 IFN-α ELISA

Serum IFN-α levels were determined by ELISA according to the manufacturer's data (Research Diagnostics RDI, Flanders, N.J.).

1.8 Statistical Analysis

The mean values were compared using an unpaired two-sided student t-test. The data are shown as mean±SEM. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

2. Investigations

2.1 Immortalized macrophages (tumour cells) and macrophages (primary) generated from primary bone marrow were infected with LCMV (WE strain). Replication was measured after 24 hours (n=3).

It could be shown that LCMV (WE strain) replicates both in immortalized and healthy cells. The results obtained are shown graphically in FIG. 1.

-   -   FIG. 1 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: LCMV (log₁₀ PFU/ml)     -   Abscissa: Tumor cells/healthy macrophages (primary)

2.2 WT C57BL/6 mice were treated with 5×10⁵ MOPC cells (day 3). One group of mice was additionally treated peritumorally with 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV (WE strain) (day 0). Tumor growth was observed.

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV caused almost         complete tumor regression. The results obtained are shown         graphically in FIG. 2.     -   FIG. 2 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.3 WT C57BL/6 mice were treated with 5×10⁵ MC38 cells (day 3). One group of mice was additionally treated peritumorally with 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV (WE strain) (day 0). Tumor growth was observed.

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV caused a         significant tumor regression. The results obtained are shown         graphically in FIG. 3.     -   FIG. 3 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.4 About nine month old LoxP-TAg mice with spontaneously developed liver carcinomas were infected intravenously with 2×10⁶ PFU LCMV or left untreated. The tumor nodes (diameters>=3 mm) were quantified macroscopically on day 6 (n=3) and day 20 (n=4-5).

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV significantly         reduced the number of carcinomatous liver nodes. The results         obtained are shown graphically in FIG. 4.     -   FIG. 4 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Liver nodes (number)     -   Abscissa: Time

2.5 WT C57BL/6 mice (n=4/group) were injected subcutaneously with 5×10⁵ MOPC cells (day −3) or LCMV (WE strain) 2×10⁴ PFU (day 0) or both 5×10⁵ MOPC cells (day −3) and 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV (day 0). Serum samples were collected on day 3 and an IFN-α-ELISA was performed.

-   -   It could be shown that the LCMV caused a drastically increased         secretion of interferon-γ in experimental animals which were         simultaneously administered carcinoma cells. The results         obtained are shown graphically in FIG. 5.     -   FIG. 5 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: IFN-α (pg/ml)

2.6 Map3k14^(aly/aly) mice and WT mice were treated with 5×10⁵ MOPC cells (day 3). One group of mice was additionally treated peritumorally with 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV (WE strain) (day 0). Tumor growth was observed.

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV caused tumor         regression. The results obtained are shown graphically in FIG.         6.     -   FIG. 6 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.7 Irf3×Ir7^(−/−) mice and WT mice were treated with 5×10⁵ MOPC cells (day 3). One group of mice was additionally treated peritumorally with 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV (WE strain) (day 0). Tumor growth was observed.

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV caused tumor         regression. The results obtained are shown graphically in FIG.         7.     -   FIG. 7 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.8 WT mice were treated with 5×10⁵ MOPC cells (day 3). One group of mice was additionally treated peritumorally with 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV (WE strain) (day 0). On day 9 after the tumor graft, the tumors were analyzed histologically with CD31 staining. The microvessel density (MDV) and the vessel-vessel spacing were quantified.

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV caused a decrease         in tumor vessel density. The results obtained are shown         graphically in FIG. 8A.     -   FIG. 8A has the following legends:

Left side: Right side: Ordinate: MVD [mm³] Ordinate: Vessel-vessel spacing (μm) Abscissa: Tumor/Tumor LCMV Abscissa: Tumor/Tumor LCMV

2.9 WT mice were treated with 5×10⁵ MOPC cells (day 3). One group of mice was additionally treated peritumorally with 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV (WE strain) (day 0). On day 9, the animals were injected with pimonidazole, and the tumors were then analyzed histologically for hypoxic regions.

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV caused oxygen         deficiency in the carcinoma tissue. The results obtained are         shown graphically in FIG. 8B.     -   FIG. 8B has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Hypoxic regions/tumor (%)     -   Abscissa: Tumor/Tumor LCMV

2.10 WT C57BL/6 mice were injected subcutaneously with 5×10⁵ MOPC cells in the right flank (day 3). On day 0, a group of animals were treated with 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV (WE strain) in the right flank (ipsilateral), left flank (contralateral) or intravenously. Tumor growth was observed.

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV caused tumor         regression even with systemic administration. The results         obtained are shown graphically in FIG. 9.     -   FIG. 9 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.11 NOD.SCID mice were injected subcutaneously with 5×10⁵ A431 cells (day −3) and then either left untreated or treated with 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV (WE strain). The tumor size (longest diameter) was measured on the specified day. The mice were sacrificed when the tumor size reached 12 mm.

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV increased the         survival rate in the experimental animals. The results obtained         are shown graphically in FIG. 10.     -   FIG. 10 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Survival (%)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.12 NOD.SCID mice were treated with 5×10⁵ Sw40 cells (day 0). A group of mice was additionally treated peritumorally with 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV (WE strain) or 2×10⁴ PFU Candid #1 (day 0). Tumor growth was observed.

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV and Candid #1         caused tumor regression. The results obtained are shown         graphically in FIG. 11.     -   FIG. 11 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.13 NOD.SCID mice were treated with 5×10⁵ Hela cells (day 0). A group of mice was additionally treated peritumorally with 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV (WE strain) (day 3). Tumor growth was observed.

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with LCMV caused tumor         regression. The results obtained are shown graphically in FIG.         12.     -   FIG. 12 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.14 NOD.SCID mice were treated with 5×10⁵ HepG2 cells (day 10) and then additionally treated peritumorally with or without 2×10⁴ PFU Candid #1 (day 0). Tumor growth was observed.

-   -   It could be shown that the treatment with Candid #1 caused tumor         regression with this tumor type. The results obtained are shown         graphically in FIG. 13.     -   FIG. 13 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.15 Primary human cells (hepatocytes, colon epithelial cells, melanocytes) and tumour cells from the same tissue source were infected with LCMV (MOI 1). The amount of virus was measured in the supernatant after 1, 2 and 3 days.

-   -   In this experiment it was shown that arenaviruses are replicated         in tumor cells in comparison to healthy tissue.     -   FIG. 14 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Infectious virus in cell culture supernatant         (logarithmic plaque forming units)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.16 Tumor diameter (A) and survival (B) of C57BL/6 mice bearing a metastasis in the shoulder and a metastasis in the flank (MOPC cells), which were left untreated or had been treated intravenously with 2×10⁶ PFU LCMV.

-   -   It could be shown in this experiment that intravenous therapy of         LCMV acts very efficiently on two local metastases and thus         prolongs survival.     -   FIG. 15A has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter of both metastases (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)         FIG. 15B has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Survival in percent     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.17 Tumor diameter of C57BL/6 mice bearing a melanoma (B16F10 cells) which were left untreated or were treated intratumorally with 2×10⁴ PFU LCMV.

-   -   It could be shown in this experiment that local therapy with         LCMV is very efficient in melanoma.     -   FIG. 16 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter of the melanoma (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.18 Number of melanomas of MT/ret mice (develop endogenous melanomas), which were left untreated or were treated intravenously with 2×10⁶ PFU LCMV.

-   -   It could be shown in this experiment that systemic therapy with         LCMV is very efficient in melanoma.     -   FIG. 17 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Number of melanomas

2.19 Tumor diameter (A) and survival (B) of NOD.SCID mice bearing a human fibrosarcoma (Sw872 cells), which were left untreated or were treated intratumorally with 2×10⁶ PFU Candid #1.

-   -   It could be shown in this experiment that Candid #1 acts very         efficiently also in the case of fibrosarcoma and thus prolongs         survival.     -   FIG. 18A has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)         FIG. 18B has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Survival in percent

Abscissa: Time (days)

2.20 Tumor diameter (A) and survival (B) of NOD.SCID mice bearing a human pharyngeal carcinoma (FaDu cells), which were left untreated or were treated intratumorally with 2×10⁶ PFU LCMV.

-   -   It could be shown in this experiment that LCMV acts very         efficiently also in the case of pharyngeal carcinoma and thus         prolongs survival.     -   FIG. 19A has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)         FIG. 19B has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Survival in percent     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.21 Expression of receptors on tumor-specific T cells (PD-1, IL2 receptor, IL7 receptor), which influence the function of T cells. Tumor-specific T cells are derived from the blood of mice with B16F10 tumors, which were additionally treated intratumorally with or without LCMV.

-   -   It could be shown in this experiment that LCMV positively         influences the tumor-specific T cells.     -   FIG. 20 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Potency of the expression of the different receptors         (mean fluorescence intensity)

2.22 Tumor diameter (A) and survival (B) of C57BL/6 mice bearing a murine subcutaneous lymphoma (EL4 cells) which were treated with or without tumor-specific T cells (OT1 cells) and additionally intratumorally with or without LCMV (2×10⁶ PFU).

-   -   It could be shown in this experiment that LCMV acts         synergistically with T cell therapy.     -   FIG. 21A has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Tumor diameter (cm)     -   Abscissa: Time (days)         FIG. 21B has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Survival in percent     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

2.23 Survival of C57BL/6 mice and PD-1 deficient mice (Pdcd1^(−/−) mice) bearing a murine pharyngeal carcinoma (MOPC cells) and which were treated intratumorally with LCMV (2×10⁴ PFU).

-   -   It could be shown in this experiment that LCMV acts         synergistically with a PD-1 blockade.     -   FIG. 22 has the following legend:     -   Ordinate: Survival in percent     -   Abscissa: Time (days)

The nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 6 mentioned in the general description correspond to the nucleic acid sequences disclosed in the following sequence listing. 

1. A method of treating and/or preventing a tumor comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an arenavirus capable of effecting tumor regression by activating innate (congenital) and/or adaptive immune cells.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises activating innate (congenital) or adaptive immune cells and thereby effecting tumor regression.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises effecting increased secretion of anti-tumoral cytokines by immune cells by activating said immune cells.
 4. The method of claim 4, wherein the anti-tumoral cytokine is interferon-α, interferon-β or interferon-γ.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the arenavirus is a wild-type arenavirus.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the arenavirus is a natural mutant of a wild-type arenavirus.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the arenavirus has been obtained starting from its wild-type form by serial passage in a host animal and/or a host cell.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the tumor is selected from the group consisting of carcinoma, melanoma, blastoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the arenavirus is an Old World arenavirus.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the arenavirus is lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the arenavirus comprises a nucleic acid comprising an S-ribonucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 5 or ambisense sequence thereof, or a nucleic acid comprising an L-ribonucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 6 or ambisense sequence thereof.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain WE or a natural mutant thereof.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the arenavirus is a New World arenavirus.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the arenavirus is a Junin virus.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the arenavirus comprises a nucleic acid comprising an S-ribonucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1 or 3 or ambisense sequence thereof, or a nucleic acid comprising an L-ribonucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 2 or 4 or ambisense sequence thereof.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the Junin virus is strain Candid #1.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a human.
 18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an arenavirus of claim 1 and, optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 19. A method for generating an arenavirus with tumor-regressive or improved tumor-regressive properties, in particular an arenavirus according to claim 1, comprising: a) infecting dendritic cells or tumor cells with an arenavirus, b) culturing the arenavirus in the infected dendritic cells or infected tumor cells and c) isolating the cultured arenavirus or a subset of the cultured arenavirus from the infected dendritic cells or infected tumor cells.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the sequence of steps a) to c) is repeated once to 1000 times, particularly 10 times to 100 times, preferably 30 times to 60 times, wherein new tumor cells, preferably of the same type, are used for each repetition. 